Table of contents

Change log.. 3

1 Scope. 8

2 Normative references. 9

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms. 10

3.1     Terms from other standards. 10

3.2     Terms specific to the present standard. 10

3.3     Abbreviated terms. 21

4 Principles. 27

4.1     Radiation effects. 27

4.2     Radiation effects evaluation activities. 28

4.3     Relationship with other standards. 33

5 Radiation design margin.. 34

5.1     Overview.. 34

5.1.1      Radiation environment specification. 34

5.1.2      Radiation margin in a general case. 34

5.1.3      Radiation margin in the case of single events. 35

5.2     Margin approach. 35

5.3     Space radiation environment 37

5.4     Deposited dose calculations. 38

5.5     Radiation effect behaviour 38

5.5.1      Uncertainties associated with EEE component radiation susceptibility data. 38

5.5.2      Component dose effects. 39

5.5.3      Single event effects. 40

5.5.4      Radiation-induced sensor background. 41

5.5.5      Biological effects. 41

5.6     Establishment of margins at project phases. 42

5.6.1      Mission margin requirement 42

5.6.2      Up to and including PDR.. 42

5.6.3      Between PDR and CDR.. 43

5.6.4      Hardness assurance post-CDR.. 43

5.6.5      Test methods. 44

6 Radiation shielding.. 45

6.1     Overview.. 45

6.2     Shielding calculation approach. 45

6.2.1      General 45

6.2.2      Simplified approaches. 49

6.2.3      Detailed sector shielding calculations. 51

6.2.4      Detailed 1-D, 2-D or full 3-D radiation transport calculations. 52

6.3     Geometry considerations for radiation shielding model 53

6.3.1      General 53

6.3.2      Geometry elements. 54

6.4     Uncertainties. 56

7 Total ionising dose. 57

7.1     Overview.. 57

7.2     General 57

7.3     Relevant environments. 57

7.4     Technologies sensitive to total ionising dose. 58

7.5     Radiation damage assessment 60

7.5.1      Calculation of radiation damage parameters. 60

7.5.2      Calculation of the ionizing dose. 60

7.6     Experimental data used to predict component degradation. 61

7.7     Experimental data used to predict material degradation. 62

7.8     Uncertainties. 62

8 Displacement damage. 63

8.1     Overview.. 63

8.2     Displacement damage expression. 63

8.3     Relevant environments. 64

8.4     Technologies susceptible to displacement damage. 64

8.5     Radiation damage assessment 65

8.5.1      Calculation of radiation damage parameters. 65

8.5.2      Calculation of the DD dose. 65

8.6     Prediction of component degradation. 69

8.7     Uncertainties. 69

9 Single event effects. 70

9.1     Overview.. 70

9.2     Relevant environments. 71

9.3     Technologies susceptible to single event effects. 71

9.4     Radiation damage assessment 72

9.4.1      Prediction of radiation damage parameters. 72

9.4.2      Experimental data and prediction of component degradation. 77

9.5     Hardness assurance. 79

9.5.1      Calculation procedure flowchart 79

9.5.2      Predictions of SEE rates for ions. 79

9.5.3      Prediction of SEE rates of protons and neutrons. 81

10 Radiation-induced sensor backgrounds. 84

10.1   Overview.. 84

10.2   Relevant environments. 84

10.3   Instrument technologies susceptible to radiation-induced backgrounds. 88

10.4   Radiation background assessment 88

10.4.1    General 88

10.4.2    Prediction of effects from direct ionisation by charged particles. 89

10.4.3    Prediction of effects from ionisation by nuclear interactions. 89

10.4.4    Prediction of effects from induced radioactive decay. 90

10.4.5    Prediction of fluorescent X-ray interactions. 90

10.4.6    Prediction of effects from induced scintillation or Cerenkov radiation in PMTs and MCPs  91

10.4.7    Prediction of radiation-induced noise in gravity-wave detectors. 91

10.4.8    Use of experimental data from irradiations. 92

10.4.9    Radiation background calculations. 92

11 Effects in biological material 95

11.1   Overview.. 95

11.2   Parameters used to measure radiation. 95

11.2.1    Basic physical parameters. 95

11.2.2    Protection quantities. 96

11.2.3    Operational quantities. 98

11.3   Relevant environments. 98

11.4   Establishment of radiation protection limits. 99

11.5   Radiobiological risk assessment 100

11.6   Uncertainties. 101

Bibliography. 105

 

Figures

Figure 9‑1: Procedure flowchart for hardness assurance for single event effects. 80

 

Tables

Table 4‑1: Stages of a project and radiation effects analyses performed. 29

Table 4‑2: Summary of radiation effects parameters, units and examples. 30

Table 4‑3: Summary of radiation effects and cross-references to other chapters. 31

Table 6‑1: Summary table of relevant primary and secondary radiations to be quantified by shielding model as a function of radiation effect and mission type. 47

Table 6‑2: Description of different dose-depth methods and their applications. 49

Table 7‑1: Technologies susceptible to total ionising dose effects. 59

Table 8‑1: Summary of displacement damage effects observed in components as a function of component technology. 67

Table 8‑2: Definition of displacement damage effects. 68

Table 9‑1: Possible single event effects as a function of component technology and family. 72

Table 10‑1: Summary of possible radiation-induced background effects as a function of instrument technology  85

Table 11‑1: Radiation weighting factors. 97

Table 11‑2: Tissue weighting factors for various organs and tissue (male and female) 97

Table 11‑3: Sources of uncertainties for risk estimation from atomic bomb data. 102

Table 11‑4: Uncertainties of risk estimation from the space radiation field. 102