3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms defined in other standards
3.2 Terms specific to the present standard
4.1 Introduction and description
4.1.2 Gravity model formulation
4.2 Requirements for model selection and application
4.2.1 General requirements for gravity models
4.2.2 Selection and application of gravity models
5.1 Introduction and description
5.1.1 The geomagnetic field and its sources
5.1.3 External field: ionospheric components
5.1.4 External magnetic field: magnetospheric components
5.1.5 Models of the internal and external
geomagnetic fields
5.2 Requirements for model selection and application
6 Natural electromagnetic radiation and indices
6.1 Introduction and description
6.1.2 Electromagnetic radiation and indices
6.2.1 Electromagnetic radiation
7.1 Introduction and description
7.1.2 Structure of the Earth’s atmosphere
7.1.3 Models of the Earth’s atmosphere
7.1.4 Wind model of the Earth’s homosphere and heterosphere
7.2 Requirements for atmosphere and wind model selection
7.2.3 Models of the atmospheres of the planets and their satellites
8.1 Introduction and description
8.2 Requirements for model selection and application
8.2.3 Auroral charging environment
8.2.6 The solar wind (interplanetary environment)
8.2.7 Other plasma environments
9 Energetic particle radiation
9.1 Introduction and description
9.1.2 Overview of energetic particle radiation environment and effects
9.2 Requirements for energetic particle radiation environments
9.2.1 Trapped radiation belt fluxes
9.2.2 Solar particle event models
9.2.6 Planetary radiation environments
9.3 Preparation of a radiation environment specification
10 Space debris and meteoroids
10.1 Introduction and description
10.1.1 The particulate environment in near Earth space
10.2 Requirements for impact risk assessment and model selection
10.2.1 General requirements for meteoroids and space debris
10.2.2 Model selection and application
10.2.3 The MASTER space debris and meteoroid model
10.2.6 Margins and worst case fluxes
11.1 Introduction and description
11.1.2 Description of molecular contamination
11.1.4 Description of particulate contamination
11.2 Requirements for contamination assessment
Annex A (normative) Natural electromagnetic radiation and indices
A.1 Solar activity values for complete solar cycle
Annex B (normative) Energetic particle radiation
B.1 Historical dates of solar maximum and minimum
B.4 FLUMIC
model
B.5 NASA worst case GEO spectrum
B.6 ESP solar proton model specification
B.8 Geomagnetic shielding (Størmer theory)
Annex C (normative) Space debris and meteoroids
C.1.1 Meteoroid velocity distribution
C.1.2 Flux enhancement and altitude dependent velocity distribution
C.1.3 Earth shielding and flux enhancement from spacecraft motion
Annex D (informative) Gravitation
D.1 Gravity models: background
Annex E (informative) Geomagnetic fields
E.1 Overview of the effects of the geomagnetic field
E.2 Models of the internal geomagnetic field
E.3 Models of the external geomagnetic field
E.5 Geomagnetic coordinate system – B and L
Annex F (informative) Natural electromagnetic radiation and indices
F.2 Solar and geomagnetic indices – additional information
F.3 Additional information on short-term variation
F.4 Useful internet references for indices
F.5 Earth electromagnetic radiation
F.6 Electromagnetic radiation from other planets
F.7 Activity indices information
Annex G (informative) Neutral atmospheres
G.1 Structure of the Earth’s atmosphere
G.2 Development of models of the Earth’s atmosphere
G.3 NRLMSISE-00 and JB-2006 - additional information
G.4 The GRAM series of atmosphere models.
G.5 Atmosphere model uncertainties and limitations
G.6 HWM93 additional information
G.7 Planetary atmospheres models
H.1 Identification of plasma regions
H.2 Plasma effects on spacecraft
H.3.6 Magnetotail and distant magnetosheath
Annex I (informative) Energetic particle radiation
I.1.2 Tailoring guidelines: orbital and mission regimes
I.1.3 Existing trapped radiation models
I.1.4 The South Atlantic Anomaly
I.1.5 Dynamics of the outer radiation belt
I.2 Solar particle event models
I.2.2 ESP model
I.2.4 Spectrum of individual events
I.2.6 Other SEP models
I.3 Cosmic ray environment and effects models
I.5 Atmospheric albedo neutron model
I.7 Interplanetary environments
Annex J (informative) Space debris and meteoroids
J.1.2 Reference flux data for space debris and meteoroids
J.2 Additional information on flux models
J.2.2 Space debris flux models
J.3.1 Impact risk analysis procedure
Annex K (informative) Contamination modelling and tools
K.1.3 Transport of molecular contaminants
K.2.2 COMOVA: COntamination MOdelling and Vent Analysis
K.2.3 ESABASE: OUTGASSING, PLUME-PLUMFLOW and CONTAMINE modules
Figures
Figure F-2 : Daily solar and geomagnetic activity indices over the last two solar cycles.
Figure F-3 : Monthly mean solar and geomagnetic activity indices over the last two solar cycles
Figure G-1 : Temperature profile of the Earth’s atmosphere
Figure I-1 : Contour plots of the proton and
electron radiation belts
Figure I-4 : Comparison of POLE with AE8 (flux
vs. Energy) for 15 year mission (with worst case and best case included)
Figure I-6 : Albedo neutron spectra at 100 km altitude at solar maximum
Figure I-7 : Albedo neutron spectra at 100 km altitude at solar minimum
Figure I-8 : Jupiter environment model (proton & electron versions)
Figure J-1 : Time evolution of the number of trackable objects in orbit (as of September 2008)
Figure J-2 : Semi-major axis distribution of trackable objects in LEO orbits (as of September 2008)
Figure J-4 : The HRMP velocity distribution for different altitudes from the Earth surface. .
Tables
Table 6‑1: Conversion from Kp to ap
Table 6‑2: Electromagnetic radiation values
Table 6‑3: Reference fixed index values
Table 6‑4: Reference index values for variations of ap
Table 8‑1: Worstcase biMaxwellian environment
Table 8‑2: Solar wind parameters
Table 9‑1: Standard field models to be used with AE8 and AP8
Table A-1 : Solar cycle 23 solar activity indices averaged over 30-day (1 month) intervals.
Table B-1 : Minima and maxima of sunspot number cycles
Table B-2 : IGE 2006 GEO average model – electron
flux (kev-1cm-2s-1sr-1) according
to year in the solar cycle (referred to solar min: 0) and
for different energies for a mission duration of 1 year.
Table B-3 IGE 2006 GEO upper case model - maximum
electron flux (kev-1cm-2s-1sr-1)
according to year in the solar cycle (referred to solar min: 0) and for different
energies for a mission duration of 1 year.
Table B-6 : Worst case spectrum for geostationary orbits
Table B-7 : Values of the parameters for the ESP
model
Table B-8 : Values to scale fluence from >100 MeV to >300 MeV
Table B-9 : CREME-96 solar ion worst 5-minute
fluxes in an interplanetary environment
Table B-10 : CREME-96 solar ion worst day fluxes
in an interplanetary environment
Table B-11 : CREME-96 solar ion worst week fluxes
in an interplanetary environment
Table C-1 : Normalized meteoroid velocity distribution
Table C-2 : The annual meteor streams
Table D-1 : Degree power attenuation for an orbit at 25 000 km altitude
Table D-2 : Coefficients of the EIGEN-GL04C model up to degree and order 8 × 8
Table E-1 : IGRF-10 data for epoch 1960-2010
Table E-2 : Sibeck et al. Magnetopause model
Table F-1 : Reference values for average planetary albedo and infra-red radiation
Table G-1 : Altitude profiles of the atmosphere
constituents N2, O, O2, He, Ar, H, N and anomalous O for
low solar and geomagnetic activities (NRLMSISE-00 model - F10.7 = F10.7avg
= 65, Ap = 0)
Table G-2 : Altitude profiles of the atmosphere
constituents N2, O, O2, He, Ar, H, N and anomalous O for
mean solar and geomagnetic activities (NRLMSISE-00 model - F10.7 = F10.7avg
= 140, Ap = 15)
Table G-3 : Altitude profiles of the atmosphere
constituents N2, O, O2, He, Ar, H, N and anomalous O for
high long term solar and geomagnetic activities (NRLMSISE-00 model - F10.7 = F10.7avg = 250, Ap = 45)
Table H-1 : Regions encountered by different mission types
Table H-2 : Main engineering concerns due to space plasmas
Table H-3 : Ionospheric electron density profiles
derived from IRI-2007 for date 01/01/2000, lat=0, long=0.
Table H-5 : Typical plasma parameters at geostationary orbit
Table H-6 : Typical magnetosheath plasma parameters
Table H-7 : Typical plasma parameters around L2
Table H-8 : Worst-case environments for eclipse charging near Jupiter and Saturn
Table H-9 : Photoelectron sheath parameters
Table H-10 : Some solar UV photoionization rates at 1 AU
Table I-1 : Characteristics of typical radiation belt particles
Table I-2 : Recommended updated values of the parameters of the JPL model
Table I-3 : Proton fluence levels for energy,
mission duration and confidence levels from the ESP model with the NASA
parameters from Table B-7.
Table I-4 : Parameters for the fit to the peak fluxes from the October 1989 events.
Table J-1 : Approximate flux ratios for meteoroids for 400 km and 800 km altitudes